Buick Encore Has Power but Won’t Start: Causes, Diagnosis, and Fixes

A Buick Encore that has power but won’t start can feel like a contradiction. The dashboard lights up, the radio works, the headlights shine, and the infotainment screen wakes up—yet the engine refuses to come alive.

It is a bit like walking into a house where every light works, but the furnace will not ignite. Electricity is clearly present, but one essential part of the starting process is missing.

The good news is that electrical power inside the cabin gives us a useful starting point. It suggests the battery is not completely dead. However, it does not prove that the battery is strong enough to crank the engine, nor does it rule out problems involving the starter, fuel system, ignition system, security system, sensors, or engine control electronics.

In this guide, we will break the issue down step by step. We will look at the sounds the vehicle makes, the warning lights you may see, the most common causes, the checks we can perform at home, and the situations that require professional diagnosis.

What Does “Has Power but Won’t Start” Actually Mean?

When someone says their Buick Encore has power but will not start, they may be describing several different situations.

The vehicle may:

• Make a single clicking sound
• Produce rapid clicking
• Crank normally but never start
• Crank slowly
• Make no sound at all
• Start briefly and immediately stall
• Display a security or key warning
• Show dashboard lights that dim when the key is turned
• Have full accessory power but no response from the starter

These symptoms may sound similar, but they point toward different faults. Before replacing parts, we need to determine whether the engine is failing to crank or failing to run.

No-Crank Versus Crank-No-Start

This distinction is the foundation of an accurate diagnosis.

A no-crank condition means the engine does not rotate when we turn the key or press the start button. We may hear clicking, silence, or a struggling starter.

A crank-no-start condition means the starter spins the engine, but combustion never begins. The engine sounds as though it wants to start, yet it never catches.

Why the Difference Matters

A no-crank problem usually points toward:

• A weak battery
• Corroded battery connections
• A failed starter
• A faulty starter relay
• A problem with the ignition switch
• A neutral safety switch issue
• A security-system fault

A crank-no-start problem is more likely to involve:

• Insufficient fuel pressure
• A failed fuel pump
• No ignition spark
• A faulty crankshaft position sensor
• An immobilizer problem
• Flooding
• Incorrect engine timing
• A major mechanical fault

Start by Listening to the Buick Encore

The sound made when we attempt to start the vehicle is often more helpful than the dashboard lights.

Instead of repeatedly turning the key, pause and listen carefully.

The Engine Cranks Normally but Does Not Start

If the engine turns at a normal speed, the battery and starter are probably doing their basic jobs. We should then investigate fuel delivery, ignition spark, sensor signals, air intake, and security authorization.

The most common possibilities include:

• A weak or failed fuel pump
• A faulty crankshaft position sensor
• A defective ignition coil
• Contaminated fuel
• A security-system problem
• A blown engine-control fuse
• A timing-related issue

There Is One Solid Click

A single click often means the starter solenoid is engaging but the starter motor is not turning.

Possible causes include:

• A weak battery
• Loose battery terminals
• A damaged ground cable
• A failing starter motor
• A seized engine, although this is less common

There Is Rapid Clicking

Rapid clicking is one of the classic signs of insufficient battery voltage under load. The battery may have enough energy to illuminate the dashboard but not enough current to operate the starter.

Think of it like a water tank with enough pressure to fill a glass but not enough to power a pressure washer.

There Is Complete Silence

Silence may indicate that the starting command is not reaching the starter.

We may be dealing with:

• A faulty brake-pedal switch
• A bad ignition switch
• A failed starter relay
• A blown fuse
• A neutral safety switch problem
• An immobilizer fault
• A wiring or control-module issue

The Engine Cranks Slowly

Slow cranking usually points toward low battery capacity, poor cable connections, excessive starter resistance, or increased engine resistance.

Cold weather can make this symptom worse because engine oil becomes thicker and battery output decreases.

A Buick Encore Can Have Lights and Still Have a Weak Battery

This is one of the most misunderstood parts of starting-system diagnosis.

Interior electronics require relatively little current. The starter motor requires an enormous burst of power. A battery can easily operate the radio and dashboard while collapsing under starter load.

Common Signs of a Weak Battery

Watch for these clues:

• Headlights dim significantly during a start attempt
• The starter clicks rapidly
• The engine cranks slowly
• Dashboard lights flicker or reset
• The clock loses its setting
• The vehicle starts with a jump
• The battery is several years old
• The problem becomes worse in cold weather

Check Battery Voltage Properly

A multimeter gives us a better picture than simply looking at the lights.

With the engine off, a healthy fully charged battery will generally show roughly 12.6 volts. A reading near 12.2 volts suggests a partially discharged battery. A significantly lower reading may indicate a deeply discharged or failing battery.

Voltage alone, however, is not the whole story. A damaged battery may display acceptable resting voltage but fail under load. A professional load test or conductance test can reveal whether the battery can actually deliver starting current.

Try a Jump Start Carefully

A jump start can be a useful diagnostic step.

If the Encore starts immediately with external power, the likely causes include:

• A discharged battery
• A battery with reduced capacity
• Poor battery-terminal contact
• A charging-system problem

If the engine still does not crank with a proper jump connection, the starter, cables, relays, security system, or engine condition may be responsible.

Do Not Assume the Alternator Is Fine

Once the engine starts, the charging system should be tested. A weak alternator may allow the battery to discharge again, leaving us with the same problem the next morning.

Inspect the Battery Terminals and Ground Connections

Loose or corroded connections can imitate a dead battery or failed starter.

The Buick Encore may have enough electrical contact to run low-current accessories but not enough to support starter operation.

What to Look For

Inspect the battery area for:

• White, green, or blue corrosion
• Loose terminal clamps
• Damaged cables
• Frayed ground straps
• Heat-damaged insulation
• Moisture around connections
• A swollen or leaking battery case

Why Ground Connections Matter

The negative battery cable connects the electrical system to the vehicle body and engine. If the engine ground is weak, current cannot flow properly through the starter circuit.

A poor ground can create unpredictable symptoms, including clicking, intermittent starting, flickering lights, communication faults, and warning messages.

A Basic Connection Check

With the vehicle switched off, make sure the battery clamps do not rotate by hand. A terminal that appears attached may still be loose enough to cause a voltage drop.

Do not place tools across both battery terminals. A short circuit can cause severe burns, sparks, or battery damage.

The Starter Motor May Have Failed

If the battery and cable connections are healthy but the engine does not crank, the starter becomes a leading suspect.

The starter motor uses battery power to rotate the engine until combustion begins. Over time, internal brushes, bearings, electrical contacts, or the solenoid may wear out.

Symptoms of a Bad Starter

A failing starter may cause:

• One loud click
• Intermittent no-crank episodes
• Slow cranking despite a strong battery
• Grinding noises
• A burning smell
• Starting after several attempts
• No response when the engine is hot
• Normal interior power with no engine rotation

Can a Starter Fail Intermittently?

Yes. A worn starter may work perfectly one day and fail the next. Temperature, vibration, and the position of internal components can influence whether it engages.

This intermittent behavior often misleads us into blaming the battery or key.

Testing the Starter Circuit

A technician may test:

• Battery voltage during cranking
• Voltage drop across the positive cable
• Voltage drop through the ground path
• Starter relay operation
• Solenoid command voltage
• Starter current draw

Replacing the starter without testing the cables can become an expensive guessing game. A damaged cable can prevent a perfectly good starter from operating.

Check the Starter Fuse and Relay

A blown fuse or failed relay may stop the starting circuit even when the rest of the vehicle has power.

The fuse-box cover or owner’s manual can help identify the relevant starter, ignition, engine-control, and fuel-system circuits.

What a Starter Relay Does

The relay acts like an electrically controlled switch. A small signal from the ignition system activates a larger current path to the starter solenoid.

If the relay fails, we may hear nothing when attempting to start the engine.

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Can We Swap Relays for Testing?

Sometimes a relay can be temporarily swapped with another identical relay from a noncritical circuit. The part numbers and pin configurations must match exactly.

Never substitute a relay based only on size or appearance. Two relays may look identical while operating differently.

The Transmission Range Switch May Block Starting

Automatic vehicles are designed to start only in Park or Neutral. A transmission range sensor—sometimes called a neutral safety switch—tells the vehicle which gear is selected.

If the system does not recognize Park, the starter may be disabled.

Try Starting in Neutral

Apply the parking brake, hold the brake pedal, move the shifter to Neutral, and try starting the vehicle.

If it starts in Neutral but not in Park, the range sensor, shifter adjustment, or related wiring may require attention.

Move the Shifter Gently

With the brake pedal applied, we can move the shifter through the gear positions and return it firmly to Park. Occasionally, the switch fails to register the selected position correctly.

This is only a diagnostic clue. It is not a permanent repair.

A Brake-Pedal Switch Problem Can Prevent Push-Button Starting

On Buick Encore models with push-button ignition, the vehicle normally requires a valid brake-pedal signal before it will crank.

If the brake-light switch fails, the car may behave as though the pedal is not being pressed.

Check the Brake Lights

Ask someone to stand behind the vehicle while we press the brake pedal, or observe the reflection in a wall or garage door.

If the brake lights do not illuminate, possible causes include:

• A failed brake-pedal switch
• A blown fuse
• Damaged wiring
• A power-supply problem

A failed switch can prevent starting even though the dashboard and accessories operate normally.

The Key Fob or Immobilizer May Not Be Recognized

Modern vehicles use an electronic security system to prevent unauthorized starting. The key or fob contains a coded transponder that must be recognized before the engine is allowed to run.

If recognition fails, the vehicle may crank without starting or may not crank at all.

Signs of a Security-System Issue

Look for:

• A security warning light
• A “No Remote Detected” message
• A key symbol
• Intermittent starting with one key
• The engine starting and immediately shutting off
• The vehicle starting only when the fob is placed in a specific location

Try the Spare Key

If a spare programmed key is available, try it. If the vehicle starts normally, the first key may have a damaged transponder or synchronization problem.

Replace the Key-Fob Battery

A weak fob battery does not always prevent the vehicle from starting because many systems use a passive backup transponder. Still, replacing the battery is a simple and inexpensive step.

Make sure the replacement battery is installed in the correct orientation.

Use the Emergency Fob Detection Method

Many push-button vehicles include a designated location where the fob can be placed when its battery is weak. Depending on the model year, this may be in a cupholder, console pocket, or another marked area.

Consult the owner’s manual for the exact location and procedure.

Fuel Delivery Problems Can Cause Cranking Without Starting

An engine needs the correct mixture of fuel and air. If the starter turns the engine normally but no fuel reaches the cylinders, the Encore will not start.

Listen for the Fuel Pump

Turn the ignition on without starting the engine. We may hear a faint humming sound from the rear of the vehicle for a few seconds.

That sound is often the fuel pump priming the system.

No sound does not automatically prove the pump has failed, but it raises suspicion.

Possible Fuel-System Causes

A crank-no-start condition may result from:

• A failed fuel pump
• A blown fuel-pump fuse
• A defective fuel-pump relay
• Low fuel pressure
• Contaminated fuel
• A faulty fuel-pressure sensor
• Damaged pump wiring
• An inaccurate fuel-level reading

Do Not Trust the Fuel Gauge Completely

A vehicle can run out of fuel even when the gauge does not show empty. A faulty sending unit, parking on a steep slope, or an unusually low fuel level may leave the pump unable to pick up fuel.

Adding a small amount of fresh fuel can help rule out an empty tank, provided it is safe and appropriate to do so.

Fuel Pressure Must Be Measured

Hearing the pump does not prove that it produces adequate pressure. A weak pump may run but fail to supply enough fuel for starting.

Proper fuel-pressure testing requires the correct equipment and safety precautions. Fuel systems operate under pressure, and spilled gasoline creates a serious fire hazard.

A Faulty Crankshaft Position Sensor Can Stop the Engine from Starting

The crankshaft position sensor tells the engine computer how fast the engine is rotating and where the crankshaft is positioned.

Without this signal, the computer may not command fuel injection or ignition spark correctly.

Common Crankshaft Sensor Symptoms

A failing sensor may cause:

• Cranking without starting
• Random stalling
• Difficulty restarting when hot
• An intermittent check-engine light
• Rough running
• Sudden engine shutdown
• A tachometer that does not move while cranking

Why These Failures Can Be Intermittent

Heat can affect internal sensor electronics. The Encore may start when cold, stall after warming up, and refuse to restart until it cools down.

This pattern can make the problem feel almost supernatural. In reality, temperature-sensitive electrical components often behave this way.

Ignition-System Problems May Eliminate Spark

Gasoline engines need a strong spark at the correct moment. If ignition coils, wiring, spark plugs, or control circuits fail, the engine may crank but not run.

Possible Ignition Causes

We may need to investigate:

• Faulty ignition coils
• Worn or fouled spark plugs
• A failed crankshaft sensor
• A failed camshaft sensor
• Damaged wiring
• A blown ignition fuse
• An engine-control module issue
• Excessive moisture around ignition components

Can One Bad Coil Prevent Starting?

A single failed coil often causes rough running or misfires rather than a complete no-start. However, a shared power-supply fault, blown fuse, damaged harness, or multiple-coil failure can prevent the engine from starting.

Do Not Test Spark Carelessly

Modern ignition systems produce high voltage. Improvised testing can damage electronic components or cause injury. Use a proper spark tester and follow safe procedures.

The Engine May Be Flooded

Repeated unsuccessful start attempts can introduce too much fuel into the cylinders. This may wet the spark plugs and make ignition more difficult.

Flooding is less common with modern fuel-injected engines than with older carbureted vehicles, but it can still happen after repeated cranking, sensor errors, or extremely cold starts.

Signs of Possible Flooding

Possible clues include:

• A strong smell of gasoline
• The engine trying to start but failing
• Wet spark plugs
• Starting trouble after many repeated attempts

Stop cranking continuously. The starter can overheat, and the battery can discharge quickly.

Some vehicles support a clear-flood mode when the accelerator is held fully down during cranking, but procedures can vary. Check the owner’s manual before attempting it.

Airflow Restrictions Can Affect Starting

An engine also needs air. A completely blocked intake is uncommon, but we should inspect for obvious issues.

Potential problems include:

• A severely clogged air filter
• An obstructed intake duct
• A disconnected intake hose
• Ice or debris in the air path
• A faulty throttle body
• A malfunctioning airflow or pressure sensor

A dirty air filter usually causes reduced performance rather than a sudden no-start. Still, animals, debris, or damaged intake components can create unusual restrictions.

A Blown Fuse Can Disable the Engine Computer

The fact that the dashboard lights up does not mean every circuit has power.

Different systems use different fuses and relays. The radio can work perfectly while the engine-control module, fuel injectors, ignition coils, or fuel pump remain unpowered.

Inspect Relevant Fuses

Look for fuses associated with:

• Engine control
• Ignition
• Fuel pump
• Starter
• Injectors
• Transmission control
• Body control
• Security system

A fuse should be tested rather than judged only by appearance. Tiny breaks can be difficult to see.

A Blown Fuse May Be a Symptom, Not the Root Cause

Replacing a fuse without investigating why it failed may provide only temporary relief. A shorted component or damaged wire can blow the new fuse immediately.

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Never install a fuse with a higher amperage rating. Doing so can overheat wiring and create a fire risk.

Engine Control Module or Body Control Module Issues

The Buick Encore relies on several computers that communicate with one another. The body control module, engine control module, immobilizer, transmission controller, and other systems must agree before starting is allowed.

Low voltage, water intrusion, wiring damage, corrosion, or internal module failure can interrupt communication.

Signs of a Module or Network Problem

Possible symptoms include:

• Multiple unrelated warning lights
• A no-communication message from a scan tool
• Gauges behaving strangely
• Intermittent no-start conditions
• Security warnings
• Accessories working unpredictably
• Starting after the battery is disconnected and reconnected
• Numerous diagnostic trouble codes appearing at once

True module failure is less common than battery, connection, fuse, sensor, or wiring problems. We should not replace an expensive computer until basic power, ground, and communication circuits have been tested.

Could the Timing Chain Cause a No-Start?

A timing-chain problem can prevent an engine from starting, although it is not the first cause we should assume.

The chain keeps the crankshaft and camshafts synchronized. If it stretches excessively, jumps timing, or fails, valve operation may no longer match piston position.

Warning Signs of Timing Trouble

Potential clues include:

• Rattling noises before the failure
• A check-engine light
• Camshaft and crankshaft correlation codes
• Poor performance
• Difficult starting
• Unusually fast or uneven cranking
• Low compression
• An engine that stalled suddenly and will not restart

A serious timing failure can cause internal engine damage. If the engine sounds different while cranking, stop attempting to start it and arrange professional inspection.

Low Compression or Internal Engine Damage

Combustion requires compression. Even with fuel and spark, an engine may not run if compression is too low.

Possible causes include:

• A jumped timing chain
• Burned valves
• Piston or ring damage
• A damaged cylinder head
• A failed head gasket
• Severe overheating damage
• Cylinder-wall damage

Internal mechanical problems are less common than electrical or fuel-system faults, but they become more likely if the vehicle overheated, lost oil pressure, made unusual noises, or stopped suddenly while driving.

What Unusually Fast Cranking Can Mean

If the engine spins much faster than normal and sounds unusually smooth, it may have lost compression.

This sound is different from the slow, heavy rotation caused by a weak battery. It often resembles a sewing machine spinning without resistance.

Cold Weather Can Expose Weak Components

Cold conditions make starting more demanding.

Battery output decreases, engine oil thickens, fuel vaporization changes, and moisture may affect electrical connections. A marginal battery, aging starter, or weak sensor may work during warm weather and fail as temperatures drop.

Cold-Weather Checks

During cold conditions, consider:

• Battery state of charge
• Battery age
• Correct engine-oil viscosity
• Corroded terminals
• Moisture in connectors
• Fuel quality
• Starter cranking speed

Avoid repeated long cranking sessions. Crank for short periods and allow the starter to cool between attempts.

What to Check First: A Practical Diagnostic Order

Randomly replacing parts wastes time and money. A logical sequence gives us a much better chance of finding the real fault.

Step 1: Observe the Dashboard

Turn the ignition on and note:

• Security warnings
• Key-detection messages
• Check-engine illumination
• Unusual flickering
• Gear-position indication
• Battery warnings

Step 2: Listen During the Start Attempt

Determine whether we hear:

• Normal cranking
• Slow cranking
• Rapid clicking
• One click
• Grinding
• Complete silence

Step 3: Check Battery Condition

Inspect the terminals, measure voltage, and use a jump start if appropriate.

Step 4: Try Park and Neutral

A vehicle that starts in Neutral may have a range-sensor or shifter-related problem.

Step 5: Check Brake-Light Operation

This is especially important for push-button models.

Step 6: Try the Spare Key or Backup Fob Method

Look for security indicators and key-recognition messages.

Step 7: Inspect Fuses and Relays

Focus on the starter, ignition, engine-control, and fuel-pump circuits.

Step 8: Scan for Diagnostic Trouble Codes

Even if the check-engine light is not currently illuminated, stored or pending codes may reveal sensor, security, voltage, or communication problems.

Step 9: Test Fuel Pressure and Spark

If the engine cranks normally, these two checks help determine which essential ingredient is missing.

Step 10: Check Compression and Timing

Mechanical testing becomes important when fuel and spark are present but the engine still does not start.

Diagnostic Trouble Codes That May Help

An OBD-II scanner can reveal valuable clues. The exact code does not always identify the failed part, but it points us toward the affected system.

Relevant categories may include:

• Crankshaft position sensor codes
• Camshaft position sensor codes
• Fuel-pressure codes
• Misfire codes
• Immobilizer or theft-deterrent codes
• Low-voltage codes
• Communication codes
• Throttle-body codes
• Camshaft/crankshaft correlation codes

Do Not Replace Parts Based on a Code Alone

A code describing a sensor circuit does not always mean the sensor itself has failed. The cause may be damaged wiring, a poor ground, low battery voltage, corrosion, or a control-module issue.

Codes are clues, not verdicts.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

When a Buick Encore has power but will not start, frustration can lead us toward expensive shortcuts.

Avoid these common mistakes:

1. Assuming dashboard lights prove the battery is healthy.
2. Replacing the starter before testing battery cables.
3. Ignoring corrosion hidden beneath terminal covers.
4. Cranking continuously until the starter overheats.
5. Installing a larger fuse after one blows.
6. Replacing sensors solely because a trouble code mentions them.
7. Overlooking the security light or key message.
8. Assuming fuel-pump noise proves correct fuel pressure.
9. Disconnecting modules or wiring with the ignition switched on.
10. Continuing to crank an engine that sounds mechanically abnormal.

When Should We Call a Mechanic?

Basic checks are worthwhile, but some problems require professional equipment and experience.

Seek assistance when:

• The battery and connections test well but the starter does not operate
• The engine cranks but fuel pressure is unknown
• There is no ignition spark
• The security system will not recognize either key
• The engine stopped suddenly while driving
• The engine makes unusual mechanical noises
• A fuse blows repeatedly
• There are multiple communication codes
• The engine has overheated
• The timing chain is suspected
• The vehicle starts and immediately stalls
• The no-start condition is intermittent and difficult to reproduce

A technician can perform voltage-drop tests, pressure tests, waveform analysis, module communication checks, and compression testing. These measurements are far more reliable than changing parts and hoping for the best.

How Much Could the Repair Cost?

Repair costs vary by model year, labor rate, location, and the exact failure.

A simple fix might involve:

• Cleaning battery terminals
• Replacing a key-fob battery
• Installing a fuse
• Replacing a relay
• Charging the battery

More expensive possibilities include:

• Battery replacement
• Starter replacement
• Fuel-pump replacement
• Ignition-coil replacement
• Sensor replacement
• Wiring repair
• Security-system diagnosis
• Timing-chain repair
• Control-module programming
• Internal engine repair

The cheapest-looking repair is not always the best choice. Accurate diagnosis often saves more money than buying several unnecessary parts.

Can Regular Maintenance Prevent a No-Start?

Not every failure can be prevented, but routine care reduces the risk.

We can improve reliability by:

• Testing the battery before winter
• Cleaning and tightening battery connections
• Replacing worn spark plugs on schedule
• Using the correct engine oil
• Avoiding prolonged driving with warning lights
• Keeping the fuel level above nearly empty
• Addressing hard-starting symptoms early
• Checking charging-system performance
• Protecting the key fob from moisture and impact
• Having stored fault codes investigated

Small warning signs often arrive before a complete failure. Slow cranking, occasional hesitation, random stalling, and intermittent key detection should not be treated as harmless personality quirks.

Final Thoughts on a Buick Encore That Has Power but Won’t Start

When a Buick Encore has power but won’t start, the illuminated dashboard tells only half the story. The battery may still be too weak to crank the engine, a cable may be blocking current, the starter may have failed, or the security system may not be authorizing the start.

If the engine cranks normally, our attention should shift toward fuel pressure, ignition spark, crankshaft signals, fuses, immobilizer operation, and mechanical timing.

The smartest approach is systematic:

1. Identify whether the engine cranks.
2. Listen to the sound.
3. Test the battery under load.
4. Inspect cables and grounds.
5. Check Park, Neutral, and brake-light signals.
6. Look for security warnings.
7. Scan for trouble codes.
8. Test fuel, spark, and compression as needed.

A no-start condition can feel like a locked door with no visible keyhole. Yet once we separate the starting system into its basic pieces—power, command, cranking, fuel, spark, air, timing, and compression—the mystery becomes far more manageable.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why does my Buick Encore have dashboard power but only click?

A clicking sound usually points toward insufficient battery current, poor battery-terminal contact, a damaged ground cable, or a failing starter. Rapid clicking is commonly associated with low voltage, while one solid click may indicate a starter-solenoid or starter-motor problem. The battery should be load-tested, and the cables should be checked for voltage drop.

Why does my Buick Encore crank but not start?

If the engine cranks normally but does not start, the problem may involve fuel pressure, ignition spark, a crankshaft position sensor, an immobilizer fault, a blown engine-control fuse, incorrect timing, or low compression. Scanning for trouble codes and testing fuel pressure and spark are the most useful next steps.

Can a bad key fob cause a Buick Encore not to start?

Yes. If the immobilizer cannot recognize the key or fob, it may disable the starter, fuel injection, or ignition system. Try the spare key, replace the fob battery, look for security warnings, and use the emergency fob-detection location described in the owner’s manual.

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Will a Buick Encore start with a weak battery if the lights still work?

It may not. Dashboard lights, the radio, and interior accessories use far less current than the starter motor. A weak battery can operate those features but lose voltage as soon as the starter is engaged. A jump start or battery load test can help confirm the problem.

What should I check first when my Buick Encore will not start?

First determine whether the engine cranks. Then inspect the battery terminals, check battery voltage, listen for clicking, try starting in Neutral, verify that the brake lights work, check for security messages, and scan the vehicle for trouble codes. This sequence helps separate battery and starter problems from fuel, ignition, sensor, and mechanical faults.